What Impact Has Globalisation Had On Employment Relations Essay

What Impact Has Globalization Had On Employment Relations - Essay Example Globalization is the procedure that includes the worldwide incorporation between nations as far as trade of new items, worldwide perspectives and various parts of culture and thoughts. Globalization on the planet economy had initiated from 1980 and in the end, had spread the whole way across the globe. As indicated by Ronald Robertson, globalization is â€Å"the pressure of the world and the strengthening of the awareness of the world as a whole† (Cuyvers, Lombaerde and Rayp, 2011). On the off chance that it is accepted regarding single nature, at that point globalization is the procedure that involves various sizes of societies, controls and networks. Based on the standard expressed by David Ricardo, globalization permits the nations to advance as far as their center capabilities (Ricardo, 1992). Work relations are characterized as the connection that exists between the administration of an association and their representatives. It envelops the different sorts of complaints, aggregate dealing, associations and issue goals that exist in the work showcase. This exposition would clarify the effect of globalization on the work relations of the world. With regards to the article, the specialist would concentrate on the genuine effect of globalization on the businesses, the representatives and the associations. Toward the end, before closing on the examination investigation, the specialist would dissect the impingement of globalization on a state or country. ... These businesses found that the expense of work assets in the creating economies were a lot less expensive. This is the purpose behind the administrators of the corporate organizations in the created countries to grow business in the less evolved countries like, Russia and India, by enlisting a greater amount of their people (Arnold, 2008). Simultaneously, after the rise of globalization, the business supervisors in the creating countries like, China and Brazil had begun to encounter further extent of rivalry in their local business condition. This was because of the expanding remote organization internationalization in these countries. In the wake of encountering a further extent of rivalry in the household advertise, the business organizations in these creating economies have ended up being increasingly productive. Therefore, the level of degree of work openings extended in their organizations. The rising degree of national salaries in a large portion of the nations, post-globaliza tion, means the way that the size of tasks for the majority of the organizations on the planet have expanded, which suggests that the pay limits of the businesses have likewise expanded. The businesses of the organizations like, Ford Motors and Tesla have extended so as to gain admittance to the wide and modest base of work asset (US Census Bureau, 2000). Likewise, correspondingly, the organizations from the creating nations like, Toyota and Tata have extended their business in the created countries. Against It ought to be viewed as that the level of work portability in the worldwide market have gotten high after the rise of globalization. This is the reason the gracefully of work market to the businesses had

The Brave Fighters of Islam Essay Example for Free

The Brave Fighters of Islam Essay â€Å"Those who were certain that they would meet their Lord stated: How regularly has a little gathering vanquished a various gathering by Allah’s consent, and Allah is with the patient. † [AlBaqarah 2:249] â€Å"Every time they (Persians Turks Empires) come against you, they are vanquished. Presently, the Arabs have crushed you in spite of the fact that they are the most vulnerable of all creation. Their bodies are stripped and their stomachs are eager. They have neither apparatus nor weapons. However they despite everything crushed you at Busra, Hawarn, Ajnadayn, Damascus, Ba’labakk Hims† said the Roman Emperor Heraclius. After an absurd contention with his ministers and officers, Heraclius chose to accumulate his biggest power to be amassed from all sides of his realm to look against the Muslims. In spite of the fact that there are contrasts in sentiment with respect to the size of the military running from 200,000-350,000! Anyway others express that it went from 600,000-1,000,000! At the point when the 40,000 Muslim power lead by Abu Ubaidah Amr ibn Al Jarrah got some answers concerning such a number, they chose to walk towards the fields of Al-Yarmouk because of its strategical favorable circumstances. At the point when the Roman armed force showed up there, they conveyed an underlying armed force of 60,000 Christian Arabs lead by Jabalah container Al-Ayham. After various dealings and desolate discretion with the haughty Romans, Abu Ubaidah pummeled all discussions saying: â€Å"There can never be harmony between us until you pay either Jizyah or acknowledge Islam! Bombing that the blade will choose us! By Allah! Were it not for the way that we believe bad form to be an insidious deed, I would have hit you down with my blade at this moment! †. The Sahabah talked about among themselves of what number of fighters they ought to send to confront the 60,000. Abu Sufyan ibn Harb Saifullah Khalid receptacle Waleed were among the ones who were counseled. Khalid canister Waleed offered his input to battle them with the world class of Muslims and not the full armed force so as to drive dread into the hearts of the adversaries. Abu Sufyan concurred and enquired what number of should they convey. The Sword of Allah SWT, Khalid unhesitatingly answered â€Å"I propose 30 horsemen! Every one of whom should confront 2000 Christians! †. Puzzled by such a ludacris answer, Abu Sufyan was the first to answer from the amazed group that it was outrageous to send that much and proposed conveying 60 men, as the ayah in the Qur’an says: â€Å"if there are twenty patient you ones they will defeat 200, and if there are a you hundred they will beat a thousand of the individuals who question, since they are a people who don't comprehend. † [Al-Anfal 08:65]. Abu Ubaidah consented to Abu Sufyan’s conclusion. The people that Khalid pick depended on â€Å"Their persistence, immovability and the manner in which they continue onward in battle†. Presently dear siblings and sisters, who do who believe that Khalid canister Waleed decide for this grand errand? Was it simply the normal Abdullah like you and me? No! Wallahi, the people he chose are among the best of individuals. ] He got out for 60 Sahabah’s! He got out the veterans of Badr! He got out the Ansar! He got out the Muhajireen! He got out the recorders of the Prophet (harmony arrive) Suhrabil canister Hasanah Amr At-Tamimi! He got out Hudaifah container Al Yaman who Raslullah (harmony arrive) trusted with the mystery rundown of the hyprocrites! He got out the genuine Ka’ab canister Malik! He called out the sibling parents in law of Raslullah (harmony arrive) Abdullah ibn Umar Ibn Al-Khattab Abdur Rahman ibn Abu-Bakar As-Saddique [The children of the first two Caliphs of Islam]! The cousin of Raslullah (harmony arrive) AlFadl ibn Al-Abbas. He got out Dhirar ibn Al-Azwar the uncovered chested warrior descried as a â€Å"devil† by the foes and sibling of the daring female friend Khawlah bint AlAzwar! He got out Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan who was one of Khalid’s best officers sibling of Amir Mua’wiya ibn Abu Sufyan! He even gotten out the pupil of Raslullah (harmony arrive) and one of the 10 guaranteed heaven AzZubair ibn Al-Awaam! [May Allah SWT be satisfied with them all]. In the wake of picking 60 of the â€Å"La creme de la creme (cream of the cream,) among the Muslim armed force. Khalid let them know â€Å"You have just vanquished the armies of Rome, so when you rout these Arabs dread will drop in their souls and they will turn in defeat†. The 60 answered in â€Å"Oh Abu Sulayman, do with us however you see fit! †¦Ã¢â‚¬  in the positive. Next morning after Fajr, The 60 uncovered goodbye the their friends and family and walked out with the Lion of Islam, Khalid container Waleed in the focal point of the pride. The two militaries met under the bursting sun. Like a genuine hero, Khalid yelled to the Christians: †Oh admirers of the sallib! Gracious adversaries of Ar-Rahman (The Most Merciful), go to the fight and butcher! † Jabalah and his military disregarded the insult because of the abandoned size of the Muslims who were at a 1000-overlay weakness in numbers. The 60,000 Christians charged forward yet the Muslims stayed strong and firm. The fight was brutal and only the thunders of rallying call could be heard. The two armed forces battled with the conflicting of bone and ligament, No one whether it be Roman or Muslim idea that the 60 would endure. The onlooking Muslim armed force took a gander at their brethren and sobbed with bitterness, some even said â€Å"Khalid has beguiled and annihilated the Sahabah of Rasullah (harmony be upon him)†. On the opposite side the Romans were content as they were persuaded that they had won. The fight proceeded with the Sahabah battling with full power, energy, respect, quality, assurance boldness. Sparkling knights Khalid, Az-Zubair, Abdurahman ibn AbuBakar, Abdullah ibn Umar, Al-Fadl and Dhirar battled one next to the other, side by side, blade to blade genuine in the serious flares of war while never isolating. As Allah SWT says the in Qur’an: †Surely Allah adores the individuals who battle in His manner in positions as though they were a firm and minimized divider. † [Surah As-Saff 61:4]. Khalid then shouted out to energize the Muslims at one point while he himself infiltrated to the focal point of the foes and was encircled. Al-Fadl receptacle Abbas hurried to help close by the daring Az-Zubair, yelling â€Å"Leave our companions alone. That is Az-Zubair ibn Al-Awwam and I am AlFadl ibn Abbas, the cousin of Rasulallah (harmony be upon him)†. The Muslims at that point propelled an incredible counter negative mark against the Romans and battled until Maghrib time! Presently the onlooking Muslim armed force was truly stressed, particularly Abu Ubaidah who tensely said â€Å"O buddies of the Prophet (harmony arrive), Khalid and his men have certainly been destroyed† and prepared them for the fight to come. Yet, abruptly as the smoke cleared and the residue settled. The deafening thunder of â€Å"Laillah illalah Wallahu Akbar† was heard. Each sahabah yelling the Islamic declaration â€Å"I take the stand there is no god with the exception of Allah alone, He has no accomplice, and Muhammad is His Slave and Messenger! †. Khalid container Waleed rose up out of the middle of the unrest with away from of weariness and depletion. The military of 60,000 was mortified by a devastating destruction by 60 saints, 10 of whom were honored with affliction and 5 of them caught.

Gain Confidence in Your Writing Skills

Gain Confidence in Your Writing Skills Gain Confidence in Your Writing Skills Gain Confidence in Your Writing Skills If it is time for you to get writingâ€"whether it is a research essay, lab report, resume, or even just an emailâ€"the task can bring unnecessary anxiety into your life. It is not uncommon for individuals to agonize over choosing the right word or to worry whether they put the comma in the right place. Is my thesis clear? Will I meet the deadline? What is a semi-colon even for? The fact that you recognize these problems and ask these questions means that getting it right matters to you. You could be a high-school student trying to come to terms with proper grammar or a seasoned writer, but we all lack confidence in our skills from time to time. Writing is intimidating and challenging but not impossible. Don’t let uncertainty cripple you from making an attempt to get your ideas down. What you have to say matters! There are many great resources available, in print and online. Picking up a basic grammar or style guide are great references for solving simple or complex problems, and there are plenty of podcasts and blogs with tips on how to improve your writing. If you are in university, check out what your campus has to offerâ€"tutoring services and writing centres provide one-on-one sessions, tutorials, and editing services. Your writing will benefit greatly from any of these types of personal attention. Of course, one of the best pieces of advice to gain confidence in your writing is to just write. Get your initial ideas down in whatever form they come to youâ€"even just simple jot notes are a great beginning. Once you have the bare bones of what you want to say, it is much easier to craft them into actual sentences and paragraphs. Before you know it, a piece of cohesive writing will appear! When you have a draft ready but know that it is not yet suitable for final submission, it is a good time to let someone else take the reins. The writers at Homework Help Canada provide editing and proofreading services and can offer great advice on how to write better papers; you can learn about the essay writing process, organization, time management, and tips on how to improve your writing. Those rudimentary ideas you jot down will benefit from careful revision so that you can be confident that your ideas are polished, clear, and effective. Your writing will improve the more you take advantage of our expert services; we are confident that you will reach academic and professional success by reaching out to us. References: Amazon.com (2015). Amazon Best Sellers: Best Grammar Reference. Retrieved August 23, 2015, from 11981 Hale, Ali. (2014). Retrieved August 23, 2015, from Gain Confidence in Your Writing Skills Gain Confidence in Your Writing Skills Gain Confidence in Your Writing Skills If it is time for you to get writingâ€"whether it is a research essay, lab report, resume, or even just an emailâ€"the task can bring unnecessary anxiety into your life. It is not uncommon for individuals to agonize over choosing the right word or to worry whether they put the comma in the right place. Is my thesis clear? Will I meet the deadline? What is a semi-colon even for? The fact that you recognize these problems and ask these questions means that getting it right matters to you. You could be a high-school student trying to come to terms with proper grammar or a seasoned writer, but we all lack confidence in our skills from time to time. Writing is intimidating and challenging but not impossible. Don’t let uncertainty cripple you from making an attempt to get your ideas down. What you have to say matters! There are many great resources available, in print and online. Picking up a basic grammar or style guide are great references for solving simple or complex problems, and there are plenty of podcasts and blogs with tips on how to improve your writing. If you are in university, check out what your campus has to offerâ€"tutoring services and writing centres provide one-on-one sessions, tutorials, and editing services. Your writing will benefit greatly from any of these types of personal attention. Of course, one of the best pieces of advice to gain confidence in your writing is to just write. Get your initial ideas down in whatever form they come to youâ€"even just simple jot notes are a great beginning. Once you have the bare bones of what you want to say, it is much easier to craft them into actual sentences and paragraphs. Before you know it, a piece of cohesive writing will appear! When you have a draft ready but know that it is not yet suitable for final submission, it is a good time to let someone else take the reins. The writers at Homework Help USA provide editing and proofreading services and can offer great advice on how to write better papers; you can learn about the essay writing process, organization, time management, and tips on how to improve your writing. Those rudimentary ideas you jot down will benefit from careful revision so that you can be confident that your ideas are polished, clear, and effective. Your writing will improve the more you take advantage of our expert services; we are confident that you will reach academic and professional success by reaching out to us. References: Amazon.com (2015). Amazon Best Sellers: Best Grammar Reference. Retrieved August 23, 2015, from 11981 Hale, Ali. (2014). Retrieved August 23, 2015, from

British Petroleum As A Company - 2382 Words

Intro and Background British Petroleum as a company was founded in 1954, however its roots go back another half century. British geologists discovered oil underneath Iran in 1908 and by 1909 the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) began drilling for the British government. APOC benefited from World War I as it was predicted all British naval ships will soon be converted from coal to oil and the company could spread further into Europe. Refineries were built in Whales, Scotland and were bought in France and Australia. In 1935, APOC was officially changed to Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) due to Persia being referred to as Iran. World War II gave rise to nationalism inside the Arab countries including Iran. The Iranian government in 1951 obtained control of the Iranian oil industry forming the National Iranian Oil Company and consequently pushing out the AIOC. The American and British governments worked to over throw the Iranian government in 1953 to regain control of oil in Iran. AIOC became the British Petroleum Company (BP) in 1954 after a holding company Iranian Oil Participants (IOP) brought Iranian oil back to the western market. BP expanded into Canada, Libya and the United States by buying out existing companies and was the first oil company to strike oil in the North Sea. Known for its risky business ventures, BP quickly became the world s third largest oil company by acquiring other oil companies such as the Standard Oil of Ohio and Amoco. The company s rapidShow MoreRelatedThe British Petroleum Company Plc1946 Words   |  8 PagesThe British Petroleum Company plc (BP) is one of the five largest oil companies in the world today. It is United Kingdom’s largest corporation. BP discovered oil in Iran before World War I. By the mid 1990’s it produced over 1.5 million cubic feet of natural gas every day. It has more than 16,400 service stations around the world. It is an integrated oil and gas company. The company provides its customers fuel used in transportation, petrochemical products that are used in making paints, clothesRead MoreCompany Background Of British Petroleum1777 Words   |  8 Pages1. Problem Analysis: Company Background: British Petroleum(BP) is one of the world’s top oil and gas companies, it is also United Kingdom’s largest corporation. They mainly deal with Oil but since the last 40 years or so they have shown great interest in chemicals and plastics, including a range of specialty products such as detergents, advanced composite materials, and advanced ceramic engineered materials. BP has more than 16,000 service stations around the world. Around 13% of their revenue isRead MoreBp Is A British Petroleum Company Essay2194 Words   |  9 PagesBP is a British petroleum company that has plants throughout the world. BP is a company that has been through out many ups and downs in the past few years. However it is a company that has been doing well since the year 1908 which means that it has been operating for more than 100 years. BP is a company that is in the oil and gas sector as it is a company that provides petroleum to consumers all over the world. Is it one of the biggest oil and g as companies in the world. It is a company that hasRead MoreBritish Petroleum Company, Ltd.1778 Words   |  8 PagesCase Study British Petroleum Company, Ltd. (1987 Stock Offering) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Read MoreBritish Petroleum ( Bp ) Oil Company1737 Words   |  7 Pages British Petroleum ( BP) Oil company, is one of the world s biggest global oil company that has had a track record of continuously wrecking and damaging multiple economies. BP is based in London, it was founded in 1908, originated in the northern eastern hemisphere from Persia . BP merged with Amoco and works with Transocean,and Halliburton, BP has been at fault for quite a few oil leaks, explosions, Safety Lapses, refinery explosions, and the list goes on, and they have just repeatedlyRead MoreOil Field Report : British Petroleum Company Essay735 Words   |  3 PagesLocated in Southern Iraq, 20 miles from the Kuwaiti border, is the Rumaila oil field (Fig. 1). It is one the biggest oil fields in the world and the biggest in Iraq. Discovered in 1953 by the Basrah Petroleum Company (BPC) at 2.4 km below the surface, an associate company of the Iraq Petroleum Company, this super-giant oil field’s first estimated volume was thought to be 30 billion barrels in oil reserves (Bb) (Vassiliou 2009); it is now estimated to be 17 Bb (Hydrocarbons Technology n.d.). Si nceRead MoreBp Oil Spillage : British Petroleum Company1690 Words   |  7 PagesThe BP Oil Spillage British Petroleum Company (BP) is among the major international gas and oil companies in the world. It provides clients with energy for light and heat, fuel for transportation, lubricants, and other petrochemical products that are used in manufacturing various items. The company’s primary goal is to deliver value to its customers by utilizing its distinctive capabilities, managing the quality of its portfolio, and setting clear goals. However, an unprecedented explosion of BPRead MoreBritish Petroleum : The Top Major Gas And Oil Companies1942 Words   |  8 PagesCompany Profile British Petroleum British Petroleum is amongst the top major gas and oil companies. Its headquartered in London, England. British Petroleum is also ranked on the sixth position amongst the Gas and oil companies. British Petroleum is also into the production, exploration, distribution and marketing, refining, petrochemicals, trading and power generation(Al-Jubran Bu Hassan,2009). British Petroleum has its operations in more than 80 other nations. It is the leader in the sectorRead MoreBritish Petroleum And Oil Spill1197 Words   |  5 Pages The local people were affected by the oil change by having no job due to the water being toxic. The British Petroleum company do not take fault for the explosion but they cleaned up the oil spill. Although the British Petroleum contradicted themselves making the situation worse. The company failed to deliver an effective message to the world. The company miscommunicated which it made the company seem irresponsible and unreliable. Situations like this can be pre vented by having a public relationRead MoreMarket structure of bp1205 Words   |  5 Pages1-Pricing power controlled by companies (constrained by demand curve and possible) 2- the economic efficiency is low allocative but economies of scale and reinvested Profits . 2. In an oligopoly, there are only a few firms that make up an industry. This select group of firms has control over the price and, like a monopoly, an oligopoly has high barriers to entry. The products that the oligopolistic firms produce are often differentiated and, therefore, the companies, which are competing

Dictionary Definition and Examples

A dictionary is a reference book or online resource containing an alphabetical list of words, with the information given for each word. Etymology:Â  From the Latin, to say Examples and Observations S.I. HayakawaThe writing of a dictionary . . . is not a task of setting up authoritative statements about the true meanings of words, but a task of recording, to the best of ones ability, what various words have meant to authors in the distant or immediate past. The writer of a dictionary is a historian, not a lawgiver. If, for example, we had been writing a dictionary in 1890, or even as late as 1919, we could have said that the word broadcast means to scatter (seed, for example), but we could not have decreed that from 1921 on, the most common meaning of the word should become to disseminate audible messages, etc., by radio transmission. To regard the dictionary as an authority, therefore, is to credit the dictionary writer with gifts of prophecy which neither he nor anyone else possesses. In choosing our words when we speak or write, we can be guided by the historical record afforded us by the dictionary, but we cannot be bound by it. Looking under a hood, we should ordinarily hav e found, five hundred years ago, a monk; today, we find a motorcar engine.Stephen FryeA dictionary is an observatory, not a conservatory.R.L. Trask[T]he familiar notion that a word of English exists only if it is in the dictionary is false. A word exists if people use it. But that word may fail to appear in a particular dictionary published at a particular time because it is too new, or too specialized, or too localized, or too much confined to a particular social group to make it into that edition of the dictionary.Thomas JeffersonDictionaries are but the depositories of words already legitimated by usage. Society is the work-shop in which new ones are elaborated. The First English Dictionary David WolmanMany people mistakenly credit [Samuel] Johnson with writing the first English dictionary. That achievement belongs to a man named Cawdrey, who, 150 years before Johnson, published A Table Aphabetical. It was only 144 pages and defined some 2,500 dificult words; the rest people were just supposed to know. With its emphasis on boosting vocabulary, Cawdreys book is a lot like modern-day titles that help you pump up your word aresenal before attacking the SAT or waging war in the corporate world. Dictionaries and Usage Steven PinkerAlthough dictionaries are powerless to prevent linguistic conventions from changing, this does not mean . . . that they cannot state the conventions in force at a given time. That is the rationale behind the American Heritage Dictionary’s Usage Panel--which I chair--a list of 200 authors, journalists, editors, academics, and other public figures whose writing shows that they choose their words with care. Every year they fill out questionnaires on pronunciation, meaning, and usage, and the Dictionary reports the results in Usage Notes attached to entries for problematic words, including changes in repeated ballotings over the decades. The Usage Panel is meant to represent the virtual community for whom careful writers write, and when it comes to best practices in usage, there can be no higher authority than that community. The Limitations of Dictionaries Keith Denning[E]ven the largest dictionaries cant capture every possible word in the language. The number of possible word combinations of word elements like pre-, pter, and scope and the innumerable amount of speaking and writing done in English require that dictionary editors restrict themselves to listing only the most frequent words in a language, and even then, only those used over a substantial period of time. Dictionaries are therefore always at least slightly out of date and inaccurate in their descriptions of the languages stock of words. In addition, the use of many words is restricted to specific domains. For example, medical terminology involves a tremendous number of words unfamiliar to those outside the medical community. Many of these terms never enter general dictionaries of the language and can only be found in specialized medical dictionaries.David Skinner[M]y recent affair with lexicography has left me certain of a couple of things.One is that no dictionary contain s every word in the language. Even an unabridged dictionary is, well, abridged. The sciences, medicine and technology generate gobs of words that never make it into a dictionary; numerous foreign words that appear in English-language contexts are left out. A great many words are invented all the time, whether for commercial reasons or to amuse one’s friends or to insult one’s enemies, and then they simply vanish from the record.Another is that dictionary users and dictionary makers sometimes have very different notions of what a dictionary is for. One may think of it as a legal code for language; the other considers it a very partial report. One wants unambiguous answers about spelling and meaning and grammar and usage; the other aims for neutrality, and the more serious he or she is, the more wary the person is of imposing his or her own notions of good English on the language itself.​ Advantages of Online Dictionaries R.L.G.Macmillan, a publishing company, has announced that it will no longer print dictionaries. And yet it has announced this with a tone not of sadness, but excitement: exiting print is a moment of liberation, because at last our dictionaries have found their ideal medium. Michael Rundell, the editor-in-chief, makes a compelling case. Updating the print edition takes five years, while new words are constantly entering the language, and existing words are finding new meanings. Space constraints limit the dictionarys actual value.And the points in favor of electronic dictionaries are even more compelling than the case against printed ones. Hyperlinks allow for quick learning about related items. Audio pronunciations beat out transcriptions in obscure formats. Photos and even videos are a snap to include. Blogs and other meta-content enrich the experience. Electronic data storage has already revolutionised lexicography. Huge searchable corpora of text allow dictionary-makers to find ea rlier and rarer words and usages than ever before. To have vast, rich and growing data going into the dictionary, and a bound and static product coming out, seems absurd. The Lighter Side of Dictionaries Dave BerryIf you have a big enough dictionary, just about everything is a word.Ogden NashSeated one day at the dictionary I was pretty weary and also pretty ill at ease,Because a word I had always liked turned out not to be a word at all, and suddenly I found myself among the vs.And suddenly among the vs I came across a new word which was a word called velleity,So the new word I found was better than the old word I lost, for which I thank my tutelary deity . . .. Pronunciation: DIK-shun-air-ee

Onus of Ethical Lapses Lies on Business Schools Free Essays

Concept Paper Seminars in HRM Final Project Bushra Fatima, MBA 2k8 13 May, 2010 th Bushra Fatima, NUST Business School, 2010 2 Ethical Lapses in Businesses: Onus lies on B Schools? I joined NUST Business School two years back, after I did my engineering degree. The logical premise, I gave to justify my choice to enter a Business school was not that I was passionate about studying business administration in anyway, but was the fact that the MBA is a good add-on to my degree, ensuring better and well paying career options in the long run. In my view back then, a business school was meant to churn out managers, like so many medical and engineering schools that churn out doctors and engineers. We will write a custom essay sample on Onus of Ethical Lapses Lies on Business Schools or any similar topic only for you Order Now By the end of my first semester of MBA, my perception was changed. Getting an MBA doesn’t make you a manager. Management is more of a practice, something that needs to be done outside the safe environment of Business school. According to one of my professors: â€Å"It’s like swimming; you cannot learn it by sitting cozy in an air-conditioned classroom listening to the lecture†. However, like most professions you need to understand the theory behind the practice. Hence, the case with teaching ethics in business schools and the responsibility of the institute to instill ethical values in the students is challenged. Business people act in unethical ways when they start evaluating the risk and rewards of being a moral person. Business school should teach that economic analysis is only helpful and proper when all of the options being considered are morally correct. Aristotle believed ethics was more than just learning a set of rules. Ethics was a way of living. â€Å"One becomes a lute player by playing the lute, one becomes a builder by building; likewise, one becomes courageous by doing courageous acts (a virtue for Aristotle)†¦ † Before I hold the business schools responsible for the ethical lapses that happen in the business world, let us delve into some reality check. Can ethics be taught? Studies show that MBA alters how students view businesses and their roles and responsibilities as managers. Students bring in their ethics and moral values which may be hard to transform all together but a slight change in attitudes may be infused in them during the course of study. However, even if the student learns complete theory associated with ethics, there is no guarantee that what he does outside the class would be in conformance with what he has learnt in class. Unless, the class learning is supported by a value structure of the student’s environment on campus and at home, a message of double standards is sent. That brings me to what the student really learns in the business school and what is emphasized upon during his tenure there. When a student is taught about leadership for example, the emphasis is on business leader’s gain in terms of wealth and building multibillion dollar enterprises rather than what they have contributed to the society or what change they have made for the betterment of humanity. The business schools tend to give a myopic view of success and leadership to the students equating success with monetary gain thus monetization of the concept of leadership. A profitable enterprise according to the business schools are ones which works towards increasing short term monetary gains for the shareholder instead of emphasizing on sustainable growth and benefiting all stakeholders in long term. Thus, indoctrination of money mindedness in done to the extent of poisoning the young mind to think ethics as old school philosophy which stands in the way of success. Overall business schools convey a subtle but lethal message of privilege. Bushra Fatima, NUST Business School, 2010 3 The business school teaching methodology that puts too much emphasis on case study system gives a false confidence to the student that he knows how to solve real life problems. He is encouraged to make use of the economic models without taking into account the variety of problems and issues that may arise as a result of those decisions. The application of the knowledge is taken as a means to a definite end without enabling him to do critical analysis. He is taught how to solve problems but he is not taught think about the side effects of his decisions. The cases highlight success stories and emphasize on numerical and financial aspects without focusing much on the nitty gritty humanistic details. Another problem is that each dimension of business is taught more or less in isolation. The marketing people emphasize on marketing aspects, the finance people emphasize on the financials and the human resource people see things through their own colored glass thus isolating the student from the intricate details of implications resulting from their skewed decisions. The ethics aspect in most case discussions is never emphasized and students are seldom told what not to do. It is important for the students to come up with smart solutions and strategies and they should be able to state their financial viability but nobody questions the ethical viability. For many students ethics equals to norms. Norms they say is how things are done usually which can mean that people can justify their actions just because it is largely acceptable. This leads us to the bandwagon and group think mentality which exists among students. As a society we function collectively. So if it is socially acceptable to bribe, people are going to do it without questioning morality of the action. Business schools, or for that matter any school of learning is responsible to bring a change in the trend of blind followership and enable critical thinking; thus, contributing to evolution of societies. We live in an ethically dysfunctional society. We don’t teach our children to be responsible citizens; instead we emphasize on competing and being the best. We teach children that it’s a jungle out there where survival is that of the fittest. When it comes to making a career choice, we impose that career is one which gives a better return on the money invested on education; thus, forcing them to take up careers not out of passion but out of economic need. This vicious cycle which starts at home makes young minds believe that being successful is equivalent to how much money somebody makes. The educational system also reiterates the same fact, when children are divided into art and science group, on the basis of the grades they get. Aptitude and intelligence is quantified by how much marks a kid gets. If somebody is in a profession such as teaching it is undervalued, because it pays less, and is often the perception that somebody who is a failure otherwise, ends up teaching. Little emphasis is placed on how one can benefit the society by adopting a certain profession; same is the case with people going to business schools. Business school students are there to benefit themselves. Through their induction systems business schools hunt for the overtly ambitious, people who are aggressive and who seek to reach the top at all costs. People who once out of the rigorous and fierce system seek quick success and try to win position of importance in top of the line firms. While business schools have excelled at producing graduates that demonstrate competence in engineering investment products based on complex mathematical models and implementing students exceptional ability at marketing and optimizing productivity, little has been done to enlighten the Bushra Fatima, NUST Business School, 2010 4 student as to how to use his/her acquired intellectual virtues in a manner which promotes morality. Although students leave the university environment excelling with intellectual resources, there is no attempt being made to demonstrate how these attributes can be used to habituate excellence of character. Business schools tend to minimize their responsibility to indoctrinate students with a sense of moral obligation or a proclivity towards the pursuit of moral excellence. I am not saying that being ambitious is wrong. Somebody who is taking up MBA is supposed to be ambitious but that ambition running into raw greed is dangerous. The lust for success and narrow selfish gain is when a person is forced to resort to unethical behavior. The economic models taught at most business schools take away the humanistic element and talk about bottom line and how important is it to achieve that. It infuses a dog-eat-dog attitude among students. Altruism and social responsibility is ridiculed and called soft aspects and are often ignored. The responsibility of business schools starts from the induction process of candidates. They need to assess that people they are lining up to take up positions of power are ethically sound people and are bent on doing good for all the stakeholders instead of just making money and fame for themselves. Ethical values should be made part of the selection criteria and should have more weightage than brilliant academic credentials and qualifications. This is under the premise that you cannot transform ethical values of a person by teaching him ethics in classroom. So this is a better way to take out the bad eggs in the first place. The selection committee should see that the student is willing to work for the betterment of the society and this should reflect on his profile as part of his credentials. Also the candidate’s reference checks should be made and the information given on his profile should be verified in order to make a correct character assessment. However, even if the corrective system is in place it doesn’t ensure hundred percent that ethical lapses won’t happen. As long as there is bigger personal stake involved, unethical practices will take place. One would always question what is in it for them to act ethical, when the bigger gain and recognition goes to someone who cut corners and got away with it. The importance of teaching ethics cannot be ignored as it makes us question every action’s ethical validity. However, the responsibility of business schools is not just to preach ethics in the classroom but to infuse ethics at all levels and balancing the values taught with values practiced. The prevalent belief of innocent until proven guilty gives a chance to students to play around with the system and to get away with questionable behavior. Cheating for that matter is a tolerable action until you are caught. The competition is so tough that students tend to use all means whether fair or unfair to get good grades. For them, ethical are all those actions for which they don’t end up punished. The business schools like any other professional institution should have a â€Å"Hippocratic professional code of conduct† and anybody found to be going against it should be made to pay by dismissal from the profession altogether. In Pakistan where corruption has become a norm an element of change is needed and business schools can play their role in this regard. Top notch business schools should have the power to scrap the degree of those graduates who get involved in unethical behavior such as our ex-prime minister who was an IBA graduate and was alleged of being involved in money laundering. Bushra Fatima, NUST Business School, 2010 5 The curriculum in the business schools should not teach ethics as an isolated course, focusing on philosophy, which end up making the young minds more confused. Rather, ethics should be directed to instruct students to make ethically sound decisions based on rational thought measuring the implications in the real world. Students should be aware of the examples of those who did not comply with ethics and ended up losing everything including their reputation so that they know the dire consequences and think twice before engaging in questionable behavior. The strategy class for example should teach the students not just to build a strategic direction of the company in order to maximize short term profits but also to make choices which go hand in hand with company’s values that can guide their overall culture on the basis of which sustainable growth of an enterprise is achieved. The curriculum in business schools should be such that it encourages out of the box thinking instead of limiting and confining the thought to achieving profits that are investor and company centric. Courses should enable looking at the bigger picture, looking at not short term gains but long term implications on economic, human and environmental development. The purpose of business studies should not be just to prepare students to excel in the prevalent business world but also to find faults in it and try to evolve the system for the better. Business students should be able to criticize business model’s viability, they should be able to challenge the basic assumptions and redesign and re-engineer theories, which in the first place are responsible for the current economic crisis faced by today’s world. The business school curriculum should encompass courses that ignite student’s creativity and encourage him to innovate and come up with viable solutions which benefit the society. Projects with focus on solving global problems such as energy crises or greener planet should be encouraged, as they infuse a spirit of global leadership which is meant to bring a positive change. For a developing country like Pakistan such a focus is imperative as we have been a victim of the capitalist mind set in which the wealthy have become wealthier and the poor have become poorer. We are a debt ridden country and sustainable development is answer to all our problems. So, the top notch business schools are responsible to give back leaders who are focused on creating wealth not just for themselves but create an opportunity of living a better life for millions. To sum it all, the burden of responsibility of ethical lapses of business leaders lie on business schools as the system somewhat creates an unharnessed greed for personal success. This needs to be controlled through redesigning the curriculum and the existing environment, which teaches them to be responsible and creates ethically sound leaders instead of shrewd businessmen. Bushra Fatima, NUST Business School, 2010 6 MBA: In Spirit The MBA is meant to be a holistic degree one which infuses analytical ability, provides a sound based of practical knowledge on basis of which decisions can be made. The two year MBA program is challenging and rigorous which does not only infuses a spirit of competition in the student but teaches him to collaborate and work in teams to get greater success. The program is meant to groom a student’s leadership qualities and gives him courage and knowledge to pursue his ambitions. The MBA is not an end in itself, but a means to an end. It is a degree designed to give you the ability to develop your career to its fullest potential, at an accelerated pace. What will you get out of an MBA? Aside from a powerful life experience, the MBA degree should supply three main value propositions: Skills, Networks, and Brand. Skills These include the â€Å"hard skills† of economics, finance, marketing, operations, management, and accounting, as well as the â€Å"soft skills† of leadership, teamwork, ethics, and communication that are so critical for effective management. MBA students acquire these skills inside and outside the classroom. Since MBA programs attract people from very diverse industries and cultures, a program should be able to leverage these differences and translate them into learning opportunities. Networks An MBA degree program offers access to a network of MBA students, alumni, faculty, and business and community leaders. This network can be very useful when beginning a job search, developing a career path, building business relationships in your current career, or pursuing expertise outside your current field. For example, entrepreneurs need access to capital, business partners, vendors, and clients. Artsrelated businesses need access to funding and strategic management in order to position themselves to be relevant in the marketplace. Global businesses need access to local business cultures as they expand their enterprises to new territories. Brand The MBA degree is a recognized brand that signifies management and leadership training. The particular school and type of MBA program you attend also have brand associations that can help open doors based on the school’s reputation. The strength of a school’s brand is based on the program’s history, its ability to provide students with technical skills and opportunities for personal growth, and the reach of its alumni and industry network. A powerful brand can give you the flexibility to make changes throughout your career. Bushra Fatima, NUST Business School, 2010 7 Concluding Note I believe that MBA should not have specializations in it. It should be a holistic degree in every sense covering courses critical in making organizational strategies. There should be emphasis on leadership and ethical practices. The intent of MBA should be to give the student confidence and help him in career growth. Critical Analysis of Human Resource Management It’s a cliche for organizations in today’s modern high performance corporate world to say that â€Å"people are our greatest assets†. But today the importance of it is all the more accepted. Human capital is a competitive advantage that competitors cannot imitate. So, human resource management and the practices associated with it have become accepted by managers in all forms of organizations as one of the most important strategic levers to ensure continuing success. The Origins Traditionally known as â€Å"personnel management†, was largely an outcome of increased government regulations regarding employment conditions, discrimination, employments rights, health and safety concerns etc. In many organizations today, this older notion of personnel administration still holds sway with its emphasis on rules and regulation. The modern concept of â€Å"human resource management† finds its roots in the 19th and 20th century by the end of the industrial revolution in United States. The notion of employee welfare came into light when managers started to face issues with work force control mainly due to influx of immigrants in the workforce. During this time methods of workforce control were devised and F. W. Taylor came up with the concept of scientific management. Later Henry Ford implemented this concept in his automotive factory. He also came up with the first ever employee welfare department which ensured that no part of employee’s life effected his/her productivity in the workplace. However the methods were more personnel control oriented. By the 1960s, the notion of personnel management had become well-established with a number of clear areas of responsibility attached to it including: †¢ Selection and recruitment †¢ Training and development †¢ Pay and conditions †¢ Industrial relations Bushra Fatima, NUST Business School, 2010 8 Employee welfare †¢ Occupational health and safety. In the 1980s, the concept of human resource management began to gain ground. At the root of the new thinking about the management of people in organizations was the perception of the increasing competitiveness of the global economy. The success of large Japanese corporations in export markets for traditional western products such as cars and electronic goods in the 1970s and 80s took many western corporations by surprise. Studies of Japanese corporations emphasized the importance of effective people management in the competitive strategies of these organizations. The studies showed that Japanese employers performed far better than their western competitors in terms of labor productivity and in process innovation. The key to this success lay in the human resource management practices adopted by Japanese corporations such as Toyota and Matsushita. These practices became evident in western countries as Japanese corporations established manufacturing plants throughout Europe and North America. The human resource management practices which had been so successful in Japan were transplanted with great success to these overseas transplants. The practices included: †¢ Strict and rigorous selection and recruitment †¢ High level of training, especially induction training and on the job training †¢ Team working †¢ Multi-skilling †¢ Better management-worker communications †¢ Use of quality circles and an emphasis on right first time quality †¢ Encouragement of employee suggestions and innovation †¢ Single status symbols such as common canteens and corporate uniforms. The integration of these human resource management practices was to create an organizational culture that allowed workers to identify their own success with that of the corporation. Thus, organizational or corporate culture became an important element in understanding the competitive success of firms and was a major theme of management thinking in the early 1980s. These new human resource management practices and the emphasis on the creation and maintenance of corporate culture stood in sharp contrast to the regulatory view of personnel management that had emerged in the mid-20th century. In fact, many of the new practices were not seen as the exclusive province of the human resource manager but were viewed as the responsibility of line managers in organizations. Bushra Fatima, NUST Business School, 2010 The Criticism Although the roots of human resource management might be relatively clear historically, the term itself and the meaning of human resource management has been the subject of fierce debate amongst practitioners, academics and commentators since its emergence in the early 1990s. Some have simply substituted the term human resource management for perso nnel management and claimed that everything has remained the same. In some cases, this can be seen in the migration of job titles that took place in the last decade as the title of human resource manager has replaced that of personnel manager. Others have argued that human resource management represents a fundamentally new way of managing people at work that goes well beyond the old functional notion of personnel management and emphasizes the creation of a culture in the workplace that harnesses the commitment of individuals to the organization. Yet others, exasperated with the endless definitional debate that seems to surround human resource management, have argued that it is simply an illusion, a â€Å"hologram† behind which we may see many techniques and practices in operation but which is essentially determined by the observer. However, the notion of employee commitment is one which appears to be integral to many of the models and theories of human resource management that have appeared. This notion of harnessing the commitment of employees in organizations was first articulated strongly by Walton (1985) who described how modern organizations were moving their management styles from one based on control, to one based on commitment. Human resource management clearly encompasses the older regulatory hangovers, but goes much further in embracing the management of change, job design, socialization and appraisal as the key levers to achieve organizational success. Modern Human Resource Management The aims of human resource management today are not just integration with the business strategy of the organization, employee commitment, flexibility and quality, but takes commitment as a major integral element. â€Å"Human resource management is a distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly committed and capable workforce using an array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques†. The main assumptions underlying the modern concept of human resource management shows how much the concept has progressed from the ld notion of personnel management. Firstly, human resource management is clearly not simply the province of the human resource manager. Line managers play a critical role in human resource management and, in fact, could be argued to be the main Bushra Fatima, NUST Business School, 2010 10 organizational exponents of people management. Second ly, human resource management is firmly embedded in business strategy. Unlike the personnel manager, the HR manager is part of the top level strategic team in the organization and human resource management plays a key role in the achievement of business success. Thirdly, the shaping of organizational culture is one of the major levers by which effective human resource management can achieve its objectives of a committed workforce. Thus, human resource management is concerned not only with the formal processes of the management of people but also with all the ways in which the organizational culture is established, re-enforced and transmitted. Challenges faced by HR as a Profession The sense that HR is somehow ‘failing to deliver’ is a central theme in the writings of a number of influential American writers. Jeffrey Pfeiffer (1997), for example, writing about the future of Human Resource Management, suggests that it would be wrong to conclude that the growing interest in HR and Human Resource Management necessarily means that the future of the HR function (in its departmental form) is bright: â€Å"My advice is to resist the temptation to believe that HR managers and staff in organizations have a rosy future or a future at all, because there are some profound problems facing human resources as a function within organizations, as contrasted with the study of human resources as a topic area that makes its viability and continued survival problematical. What has emerged so far in this critical perspective on HR is that many of the activities that HR professionals engage in appear not to be valued by managers and employees. This is because there is either no evidence that the activities actually achieve things that matter or because it is very difficult to prove that what HR does actually r esults in improvements in behavior and performance. If the latter is the reason, then the task of HR is to look carefully at the way in which it measures and evaluates effectiveness; if the problem is more to do with what HR does and how it carries out these activities, then the challenge it faces is more fundamental. The HR function is generally criticized to be an accomplice in trends such as downsizing and contingent work arrangements that are often blamed to undo much of the progress made in managing employee relationships in the past several decades. Also HR professionals are accused of showing lack of leadership in demonstrating the business impact of managing people effectively. Writers such as David Ulrich have suggested redefining HR role not by what it does but by what it delivers: results that enrich the organization’s value to customers, investors and employees. The four key roles that HR professionals need to play to deliver the contributions are as follows: ? A partner in strategy execution: This doesn’t mean that HR should take responsibility for HR and business strategy, which is rightly the domain of the chief executive, but that the head Bushra Fatima, NUST Business School, 2010 11 of the HR department should be an equal partner with other senior managers and should ‘have a seat at the top table’. An administrative expert: This is about getting the basics right and adopting a much more instrumental approach to the use of procedures. The emphasis needs to be on the efficiency of the HR department — reducing its cost base and speeding up its cycle times, without compromising on quality or effectiveness ? An employee champion: This is about HR recognizing that work intensification and an increased sense of insecurity are becoming the new reality for many people and that this is associated with weakened levels of employee commitment. This, in turn, affects the preparedness of employees to contribute more than their contracted level of effort and performance. The role of HR here is to ensure that employees remain engaged and committed, or become re-engaged, either directly through the activities of HR or by HR working with line managers to ensure that they can create a positive psychological and emotional working environment. ? A change agent: According to Ulrich (1997), this role involves HR in building the organization’s capacity to embrace and to capitalize on change. Given that change is the norm for most organizations, the ability to implement and manage the change process is seen as critical to the organization’s ability to function during the change process and to reap the benefits from the changes that have been made. Reducing resistance to change is seen as a key HR contribution. Gaps between HR Academics Practice There’s an incontestable gap between what’s happening in scholarly research and what’s happening in the world of practitioner. However, there’s consensus among academics and research-savvy HR professionals, that HR managers who follow evidence-based principles are best positioned to optimize the success of their organizations. Still, most HR professionals have little time, interest or tolerance for reading researches. Practitioners focus on solving problems and getting tasks done in time- and pressure-packed settings. Academics explore, contemplate and pursue research that can take three years or more before culminating in a journal article. HR practitioners don’t care about the theory behind the practices. They don’t care why processes, tests, or other instruments or procedures work, just that they do. If wearing plaid instead of polka dots on Tuesday’s increases retention, they’ll do it. According to a business school professor, â€Å"People want to Bushra Fatima, NUST Business School, 2010 12 see cost-benefit analyses before they implement. It’s not enough to know structured interviews will give you better-quality people. Practitioners want to see how it affects the bottom line. † Research and academic findings may not always have concrete outcomes. For practitioners ambiguity doesn’t help. They want concrete solutions supported with business outcomes something translated into profits, often missing in HR research. Academics tend to be interested in different subjects than practitioners. For practitioners, those subjects may be too theoretical or too esoteric, or may not be a need-to-know priority. But for academics, whose careers rise or fall on their success at achieving tenure and promotion, the topics are influenced by what the academic reward structure requires. Fault lies with HR curriculums. HR curriculums should develop the competency in all HR professionals to know what is and is not a scientifically based finding or conclusion. We need to audit our curriculums to make sure students are being taught to appreciate the importance of evidence-based management and the role of research in advancing HR. That requires basic understanding of math and statistics. Most undergraduate business and industrial psychology curriculums feature at least one course in statistics, and some observers say that should suffice. In recent years, faculty members have been reluctant to add more quantitative requirements to HR curriculums for fear of losing students. According to my observations most people choose HR because they are math-phobic. Also there is little emphasis on doing research and supporting it quantitatively. In most MBA programs graduate students are not being asked to do research or even read it. When I asked an MBA student his point of view about research, he said; â€Å"MBA students don’t like reading research, so instead students are just discussing cases and practicing being a leader. The HR curriculum should be designed in a way that forces students to engage in consulting. Thus, forcing them to connect the taught courses with field knowledge and enabling them to do hands on research and get comfortable with statistics. This will force them to do analysis and make interpretations. Academics who moonlight as consultants are more likely to relate to the realities of the workplace. Encourage faculty and practitioners to develop and partner in research. Establish conferences or thinktank sessions that bring them together. Encourage exchanges. Cross attendance does occur, but not in enough numbers to create a shared comfort zone. Businesspeople should also cooperate with researchers to enhance body of knowledge and include practical aspects rather than unworkable theories. Another way to increase practical knowledge base is to support sponsored research. Corporations should invest in academics doing research that practitioners need. Experts agree that applied research should meet three criteria. It should be: ? ? ? Rigorous–conducted scientifically so the results can be validated and replicated. Relevant–directed at learning more about, furthering or solving some HR-related problem. Readable–accessible to practitioners who stand to benefit. Bushra Fatima, NUST Business School, 2010 13 Conclusion As a profession HR needs to defend its value by aligning itself with organization’s strategy and focus on achieving business strategy instead of just working as a support function. The HR academia suffers in terms of creating practical value because of its lack of collaboration with HR practitioners. The two can benefit each other and enhance body of knowledge which is far better applicable in real work environments. How to cite Onus of Ethical Lapses Lies on Business Schools, Papers

The Golden Fish free essay sample

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